Zdravotní rizika prachových částic v ostravsko - karvinské aglomeraci.

Abstract

The dissertation thesis discusses the topic human health risk assessment of particulate matter in Moravian - Silesian Region. Nowadays, the dust particles represent - especially in urban areas - a significant factor of the environment of human organism. The atmosphere is the primary environmental sphere that is contaminated with dust particles. The dust particles are emitted to ambient air from very extensive spectrum of various sources. In the Moravian - Silesian Region, the dominant categories of sources are industrial plants (power supply, metallurgy, chemical industry and coke plants), car transport and local fire – boxes. Moreover, the air dust contamination of Moravian - Silesian Region can be deteriorated with the long – range transport of particulate matter originated from Poland. The expressive deterioration of ambient air quality of Moravian – Silesian Region may occur also during bad meteorologic conditions – that is during total calm, in periods with low temperatures and in time with very rate of rainfall. In Moravian – Silesian Region, the dispersion of contaminants is also negatively influenced with geographical position and with hierarchy of geomorphologic structures. The ambient air dust particles become a component of atmospheric imisions and through an inhalation pathway, they come into interaction with human organism. The efficient parameters, that have a leading role in genesis of negative health impacts, are morphologic parameters of a dust particle and chemical structure of particulate matter. The dust particles of the shape of fibre with sharp ends and the PM containing the toxic substances have verified harmful impacts onto human health. Toxic metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, some organic compounds of sulphur and nitrogen are the most frequent toxic substances present in the structure of PM. In interaction with human organism, the chemical substances mentioned above and dust particles with fibrous shape can initiate a very large spectrum of pathological states and diseases. The elevation of respiratory symptoms and deterioration of functional test of respiratory system, the rising incidence of lung cancer and aggravation of heath state of asthmatic patients belong among the most common negative results of PM exposure. With the goal of prevention or reduction of negative health PM impacts, it is necessary to realize the monitoring of air PM concentration rate and the detection of air concentration of some PM components. The detected numbers of PM concentrations and the concentrations of harmful PM components are essential for appreciation of their potential health risks with using some convenient, verified methods. The determined numbers of health risks form the necessary basis for right setting of environmental regulations and standards that are able to give a guarantee of acceptable or tolerable of health risks. The process of human health risk assessment of PM should be realize especially in the regions with very high rate of environmental contamination in which it is unavoidable to count with synergic effects of many pollutants and factors originated from the contaminated environment.