Biologická rizika při kompostování bioodpadů.

Abstract

The ever-increasing amount of biodegradable waste requires a complex approach to the question of its usage or removal. Composting seems to be the optimum way of processing, however there is a massive replication of autochthonous microorganisms which may contaminate various environmental layers. Biohazards mainly appear during transportation of airborne bacteria, fungi and their spores. Nonetheless, insect-transmitted bacteria (e.g. dipterous insect – Diptera) are also a significant threat as the adults find not only a suitable food source in compost but also a place for laying eggs and larval growth. Pathogenic microorganisms originating from biodegradable biowaste, as well as from maturing substrates during their composting process, may endanger humans, animals and plants with serious infectious diseases, allergies and toxic substances production. The dissertation describes a research of presence of chosen Diptera species at two industrial composting plants in Ustecky region and at two home composting units. A detailed detection of insect with the following entomological classification of imagoes and evaluation of their appearance with the help of frequency calculation was done at these locations between April and October 2017. At the same time, the relation between presence of insect and frequency of individual species at the existing meteorological conditions was observed. Also, laboratory microbiological analyses were carried out to detect the presence of biopathogens on bodies or in bodies of the caught adult insects. For the same purpose, samples of maturing substrates were taken and analysed in a laboratory. In the second year of the research, a design of measures to prevent insects from penetrating, surviving and developing was partially implemented. The research results confirmed the assumption of increased presence of insect near composting biodegradable waste, as well as presence of serious microbial pathogens in substrates and also the risk of their transmission via this insect. Simultaneously, possibilities of elimination of the hazards using simple technical measures (covering composting backfills with breathable fabric) were implied.