Možnosti stabilizace popílku jako produktu po spalování nebezpečných a komunálních odpadů

Abstract

This thesis is focused on waste products resulting from thermal waste treatment. Solid waste products produced during the combustion of hazardous and mixed municipal waste includes fly ash and so called „end-product“. Both of these loose products exhibit elevated concentrations of pollutants, primarily heavy metals (toxic elements), and therefore ranks, according to the EWC, in the category of hazardous waste. The basic method of handling this kind of waste product is to permanently store them on a secure landfill. This is inefficient from an environmental point of view and very costly as well if we consider the current legislation. Therefore, it is reasonable to examine how to convert this waste product into a state form, which would have permanently minimum negative impact on environmental components. Possibility of stabilizing ash using various kinds of alkaline binders is considered. With proper fixation of toxic elements in a solid matrix it would be possible to deposit these solidificates to waste landfills. This solution is much cheaper and mainly affordable in terms of a denser network of landfills. The aim of this thesis is to find the most suitable binder and procedural conditions for solidification of fly ash resulting from the combustion of hazardous waste and municipal waste incinerators. Two pooled samples were used (fly ash and the end-product) and seven kinds of cements as a binder. According to the calculated coefficients of water were formed mixture of fly ash, water and selected types of cements. From the resulting mixtures there were created solid cubic matrix, which had been subjected to a hardening of the digestion process. By using atomic absorption spectrometer concentration of heavy metals (toxic elements) were analysed in-filtered aqueous extracts. The resulting concentrations were compared with the maximum allowable concentrations according leaching classes IIa and IIb, and determined when it is possible to store such waste to other waste landfill. The results can serve to improve and optimize waste management, especially in landfill waste products resulting from thermal waste treatment, and for the possibilities of using fly ash waste for the purpose of producing construction materials and mortars.