Metody pro identifikaci zdrojů znečištění ovzduší.

Abstract

The air pollution represents long-term problem in the Czech Republic. It is possible to say, that air quality is improving slowly. The airborne dust, benzo[a]pyrene and ozone are the biggest problem throughout the Czech Republic. Air in the Moravian-Silesian Region, especially in the Ostravsko-Karvisko, is the area with the worst air quality not only in the Czech Republic but also in the Europe. The limit values for particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and benzo[a]pyrene are often significantly exceeded in the agglomeration Ostrava/Karvina/Frydek-Mistek. Deterioration of air quality Ostrava-Karvina is mainly caused by a high concentration of industrial sources, but also local heating, geomorphological and meteorological conditions in the Upper Silesian Basin, where is situated the most problematic areas, and cross-trasport has a considerable share of the deterioration of air quality. The particulate matters represent a significant risk, because they can contain a wide variety of organic and inorganic substances due to their specific surface. The average concentration of Σ18 PAHs of the 40 monitored sites Moravian-Silesian Region (MSR) was 32.2 ng/m3 during the summer and 362.2 ng/m3 during the winter. The average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene of the 40 sites of MSK was 14.7 ng/m3 during winter and 0.6 ng/m3 in summer. The highest average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in the summer (1.1 ng/m3), respectively in winter (21.9 ng/m3) was achieved in the areas with dominant industrial activities. The average percentage of Σ heavy metals in PM10 of the 40 monitored localities in the MSR amounted to 1.9 - 6.2 % and percentage of Fe was from 1.6 to 5.4 % during the summer. The percentage of all water-soluble ions in PM10 was from 46 to 88 % in Ostrava Poruba. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SO42-, NH4+ and NO3-) predominated over other water-soluble ions in PM. Their percentages in Σ PM10 achieved from 13 to 37 %. This paper indicates the possibility of using various equipment for sampling of the PM and the subsequent analytical methods to determination of their composition. The obtained information about the chemical composition of PM (heavy metals, PAHs, mineral composition, secondary inorganic aerosols and other water soluble ions) can be used to monitoring of air pollution and identify specific sources of air pollution.