Spolehlivost a bezpečnost provozu fotovoltaických elektráren
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Vysoká škola báňská – Technická univerzita Ostrava
Abstract
Tato disertační práce se zabývá problematikou spolehlivého a bezpečného provozu fotovoltaických elektráren. V poslední době neustále roste jejich instalovaný výkon a zároveň velké množství elektráren postupně stárne. Pro zajištění kvalitního provozu fotovoltaických elektráren je nutné provádět jejich pravidelnou diagnostiku a údržbu, jelikož během provozu se může vyskytnout velké množství poruch, které mají vliv na bezpečnost a celkovou výrobu elektrické energie. Pro detekci závad fotovoltaických panelů existuje celá řada diagnostických metod, mezi které se řadí, kromě jiných, i elektroluminiscence. Tato metoda dokáže spolehlivě detekovat poškození fotovoltaických článků, je však zapotřebí speciální kamera, která je schopna detekovat v IR spektru. Náhradu profesionálních kamer však lze nalézt i v běžném digitálním fotoaparátu. Velké riziko při provozu fotovoltaických elektráren představuje vznik elektrického oblouku. V současné době jsou na trhu dostupné střídače, které jsou vybaveny obloukovou ochranou, ovšem velká část zejména starších elektráren jimi vybavena není. V textu je uveden návrh obloukové ochrany, kterou by bylo možno doplnit stávající instalace. Na závěr je uvedena problematika spolehlivosti fotovoltaických elektráren se zaměřením na spolehlivostní parametry jednotlivých komponentů a rovněž metodika sběru potřebných údajů nutných pro jejich vyhodnocování.
This thesis deals with the issue of reliable and safe operation of photovoltaic power plants. Recently, the installed capacity of PV power plants has been increasing constantly and at the same time a large number of plants are gradually aging. In order to ensure the quality operation of PV power plants, it is necessary to perform regular diagnostics and maintenance, as a large number of faults can occur during operation, which affect the safety and overall power generation. For the detection of faults in photovoltaic panels, there are a number of diagnostic methods, including, among others, electroluminescence. This method is able to reliably detect damage to PV cells, but a special camera is required to detect in the IR spectrum. However, a suitable substitute for professional cameras can also be found in an ordinary digital camera. A major risk in the operation of photovoltaic power plants is the occurrence of an electric arc. Currently, inverters are available on the market that are equipped with arc protection, but a large number of older plants in particular are not equipped with such protection. In the text, a proposal for arc protection is presented which could complement existing installations. Finally, the reliability of photovoltaic power plants is presented, focusing on the reliability parameters of individual components, as well as the methodology for collecting the necessary data for their evaluation.
This thesis deals with the issue of reliable and safe operation of photovoltaic power plants. Recently, the installed capacity of PV power plants has been increasing constantly and at the same time a large number of plants are gradually aging. In order to ensure the quality operation of PV power plants, it is necessary to perform regular diagnostics and maintenance, as a large number of faults can occur during operation, which affect the safety and overall power generation. For the detection of faults in photovoltaic panels, there are a number of diagnostic methods, including, among others, electroluminescence. This method is able to reliably detect damage to PV cells, but a special camera is required to detect in the IR spectrum. However, a suitable substitute for professional cameras can also be found in an ordinary digital camera. A major risk in the operation of photovoltaic power plants is the occurrence of an electric arc. Currently, inverters are available on the market that are equipped with arc protection, but a large number of older plants in particular are not equipped with such protection. In the text, a proposal for arc protection is presented which could complement existing installations. Finally, the reliability of photovoltaic power plants is presented, focusing on the reliability parameters of individual components, as well as the methodology for collecting the necessary data for their evaluation.