Management vodních zdrojů......

Abstract

During recent decades the whole Middle East countries encountered water scarcity due to two main factors external and internal. The external factors cover draught phenomenon during two sharped rows (1999-2011) and (2007-2009) as well as the over-harvesting by upstream countries. While, internal ones include mismanagement by downstream countries. Tigris-Euphrates basin is the most highlighted issue in the region. The conflict among riparian countries intensified between two poles, upstream countries (Turkey and Iran) and downstream countries (Syria and Iraq). Iraq, as main affected country faces many dramatic challenges concerning its water resources management. Actually, the water resources management in Iraq including Kurdistan Region suffer from lack of both qualitative and quantitative measures. In spite of having great budget, the country has not issued necessary legislations to overcome these problems. The reasons attributed to its political instability since 1980s as well as the fanciful corruption in all governmental joints specially after 2003. This study will focus on the current water resources in Iraq including Kurdistan region as well as the most legislations related to water resources management in Iraq and Kurdistan and comparing what exist in other riparian countries and some other countries concerning both quantity and quality of water. Moreover, it indicates to the historical events as a bibliography of agreement among riparian countries. On the other hand, a study area called Khazir basin was selected to make a comprehensive research concerning the current status of both surface water and groundwater perspectives. Monitoring of groundwater levels, groundwater movement, the performance of productive geological aquifers was studied. The principle of water balance equation was applied through finding out the required parameters including infiltration, surface runoff, evapotranspiration as well as groundwater recharge and discharge.

During recent decades the whole Middle East countries encountered water scarcity due to two main factors external and internal. The external factors cover draught phenomenon during two sharped rows (1999-2011) and (2007-2009) as well as the over-harvesting by upstream countries. While, internal ones include mismanagement by downstream countries. Tigris-Euphrates basin is the most highlighted issue in the region. The conflict among riparian countries intensified between two poles, upstream countries (Turkey and Iran) and downstream countries (Syria and Iraq). Iraq, as main affected country faces many dramatic challenges concerning its water resources management. Actually, the water resources management in Iraq including Kurdistan Region suffer from lack of both qualitative and quantitative measures. In spite of having great budget, the country has not issued necessary legislations to overcome these problems. The reasons attributed to its political instability since 1980s as well as the fanciful corruption in all governmental joints specially after 2003. This study will focus on the current water resources in Iraq including Kurdistan region as well as the most legislations related to water resources management in Iraq and Kurdistan and comparing what exist in other riparian countries and some other countries concerning both quantity and quality of water. Moreover, it indicates to the historical events as a bibliography of agreement among riparian countries. On the other hand, a study area called Khazir basin was selected to make a comprehensive research concerning the current status of both surface water and groundwater perspectives. Monitoring of groundwater levels, groundwater movement, the performance of productive geological aquifers was studied. The principle of water balance equation was applied through finding out the required parameters including infiltration, surface runoff, evapotranspiration as well as groundwater recharge and discharge.