Publikační činnost Katedry ochrany obyvatelstva (050)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10084/84373

Kolekce obsahuje bibliografické záznamy publikační činnosti (článků) akademických pracovníků Katedry ochrany obyvatelstva (050) v časopisech a v Lecture Notes in Computer Science registrovaných ve Web of Science od roku 2003 po současnost.
Do kolekce jsou zařazeny:
a) publikace, u nichž je v originálních dokumentech jako působiště autora (adresa) uvedena Vysoká škola báňská-Technická univerzita Ostrava (VŠB-TUO),
b) publikace, u nichž v originálních dokumentech není v adrese VŠB-TUO uvedena, ale autoři prokazatelně v době jejich zpracování a uveřejnění působili na VŠB-TUO.

Bibliografické záznamy byly původně vytvořeny v kolekci Publikační činnost akademických pracovníků VŠB-TUO, která sleduje publikování akademických pracovníků od roku 1990.

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Now showing 1 - 20 out of 38 results

Parameters affecting the explosion characteristics of hybrid mixtures arising from the use of alternative energy sources
(MDPI, 2024) Helegda, Matouš; Pokorný, Jiří; Helegda, Iris; Skřínský, Jan; Sinay, Juraj
Explosions of hybrid mixtures are an interesting theoretical and experimental problem in explosion sciences, because they combine the physicochemical properties of flammable gases and dusts. A hybrid mixture is composed of at least two substances in two or more states. The influence of the common presence of flammable gas on the explosiveness parameters of the combustible dust itself is proven. In this study, we present the effect of higher initiation temperatures, different initial sources of initiation with different energies, and the effect of the volume of explosion chambers on the explosions of hybrid mixtures arising from the use of alternative energy sources. The experiments were carried out in 20 L and 1.00 m3 explosion chambers (according to EN 14034-1+A1:2011–EN 14034-4+A1:2011). The accredited method of the Energy Research Centre, VSB-TU Ostrava, for tests was used. The goal is to approximate the behaviour of these systems under different initiation conditions so that it is possible to avoid excessively conservative or overly optimistic results, which then affect the determination of explosion parameters for practical use. It was found that the volume of the explosion chambers in combination with the used initiation source has a fundamental influence on the course of the explosion characteristics.
The importance of resistance in the context of critical infrastructure resilience: An extension of the CIERA method
(MDPI, 2023) Řehák, David; Flynnová, Lucie; Hromada, Martin; Fuggini, Clemente
Technical sectors compose an inseparable and elementary part of a complex critical infrastructure (CI) system. Their provided services are essential to the functioning of all of the dependent sectors of CI on which society and states depend, especially in areas experiencing high levels of urbanisation. The initial point for effective CI elements’ protection is the permanent assessment and strengthening of their capacity for resilience to the negative effects of internal and external threats. The current perceptions of resilience focus primarily on repressive components responsive to incidents (i.e., robustness, recoverability, and adaptability), while minimal attention is paid to the preventative components. The article’s contribution to this literature gap is its definition of resistance, which can be considered as a CI element’s ability to prevent the occurrence of incidents. To this goal, the current study defines (1) the individual factors (variables and parameters) determining CI resistance and (2) the methodological procedure for infrastructure element resistance assessment in order to identify the weak points throughout a complex CI system and subsequently strengthen them. Moreover, a practical example of resistance assessment for a selected critical energy infrastructure element is presented. The main outcome of this article is the definition of the primary steps for the expansion of the CIERA method, via the enhancement of CI components’ resilience capacity in the prevention phase.
Converged security and information management system as a tool for smart city infrastructure resilience assessment
(MDPI, 2023) Hromada, Martin; Řehák, David; Skobiej, Bartosz; Bajer, Martin
Current research on smart cities is primarily focused on the area of applicability of informa tion and communication technologies. However, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, it is also necessary to pay attention to the resilience and converged security of individual infrastructures. Converged security represents a particular security type based on a selected spectrum of certain convergent security types of, assuming the creation of a complementary whole. Considering the outputs of the analysis of security breaches manifestations, this kind of security makes it possible to detect emerging security breaches earlier (still in the symptom stage), thus providing a more efficient and targeted solution suitable for building smart city infrastructure. In its essence, the article refers to the practical application of the converged security theoretical principles presented in the publication to a functional sample, deployed and tested in practical conditions in context of selected smart city infrastructure protection and resilience. Considering the nature of the practical application, the convergence of a wider spectrum of smart security alarm systems in the resilience assessment context is defined. In the beginning, the general principles of security/safety and the need for their convergence are presented. In this context, the mathematical model called Converged Resilience Assessment (CRA) method is presented for better understanding. Subsequently, Physical Security Information Management (PSIM) and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems are described as a technological concept that can be used for resilience assessment. The most beneficial part is the structural, process, and functional description of the Converged Security and Information Management System (CSIM) using the concept of smart security alarm systems converged security.
Human factors in the development of the hydraulic system of the powered roof support
(Technická univerzita Košice, Fakulta baníctva, ekológie, riadenia a geotechnológií, 2023) Borska, Beata; Szurgacz, Dawid; Pokorný, Jiří; Zhironkin, Sergey; Zhironkina, Olga
The growing demand for mineral resources, including hard coal, requires the continuous improvement and development of technologies to improve safety, productivity and performance. The implementation of automation and digitization in mines has been ongoing for several years. Machinery and equipment development and improvement is also ongoing. The authors discuss the development and improvement of powered roof support, which is a critical part of the longwall system. The powered roof support is responsible for the safety of equipment and people working in the longwall. It supports the face and immediate roof and moves the longwall system forward as the shearer removes the coal and the roof collapsing (goafing) behind the shields. The aim of this study was to examine the human factors involved in the development and improvement of the hydraulic support system of powered roof support. The research was carried out among employees in hard coal mines using mainly surveys. The research allowed the authors to examine and analyze the information provided by the miners concerning powered roof support in the era of Industry 4.0 (the Fourth Industrial Revolution). According to the research findings, miners expect improvement in the reliability of the powered roof support, and they want the key operating parameters, especially the required load capacity, to be monitored in real-time so adjustments and improvements can be made. The results of the research point out the needs and expectations of miners. Their opinions should determine the direction and any research gaps into powered roof support.
Comprehensive assessment of transparent wood degradation
(Elsevier, 2023) Wachter, Igor; Štefko, Tomáš; Rantuch, Peter; Martinka, Jozef; Pokorný, Jiří; Blinová, Lenka; Ház, Aleš; Reinprecht, Ladislav
Transparent wood includes a group of composite materials consisting of a renewable component (various wood species) and a refractive-matching index polymer (petroleum or bio-based) with a wide range of applications. There are various types of polymers used for transparent wood preparation Due to their favourable optical, mechanical, and carbon-storing properties, transparent wood is ideal for use in, e.g., the automobile industry, construction, packaging, or electronics. In this study, acrylic-based transparent wood was prepared by deactivating chromophore groups in natural basswood (Tilia cordata, L.), followed by a subsequent vacuum-assisted 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate polymer infiltration. Fire characteristics, UV and biological resistance of this wood-polymer system were investigated. Transparent wood prepared for this study shows high resistance to wood decay fungi. Fire performance test shows higher resistance to initiation (higher time to ignition and critical heat flux)compared to natural wood and lower yields of carbon monoxide. When exposed to UV irradiation, colour, and transmittance change intensively only in the first hours of exposure, then only very gradually. On the other hand, transparent wood shows higher values of heat release rate and derived parameters.
The process of developing model research for the technology of obtaining energy resources
(MDPI, 2023) Szurgacz, Dawid; Borska, Beata; Pospíšil, Lukáš; Dlouhá, Dagmar; Pokorný, Jiří; Zhironkin, Sergey
The current problems associated with the maintenance of hard coal longwall mining depend on the application or use of extraction technologies. In order to make the best use of these technologies, a new approach based on simulation studies is necessary. This paper aims to develop a mathematical model for the powered roof support’s operation. The three groups of professionals involved in the testing of the roof support were involved in the work on changing the hydraulic system of the powered roof support stand. These professionals were powered roof support’s designers, researchers and users. The research subject was the development of a mathematical model as a starting point for conducting simulations. The model is based on d’Alembert’s principle and the equation of the balance of flow rates. Based on the developed model, it is possible to determine the pressure in the space under the piston of the hydraulic prop. The results obtained in the simulations are the basic assumptions for the development of a prototype that would solve the current problems in the hydraulic systems of powered roof supports. The adopted research methodology assumed the development of a mathematical model, simulation in the MATLAB environment and verification of the model on a test stand. The obtained results of simulation tests based on the developed mathematical model were confirmed in bench tests. Simulation and bench tests determined the correctness of the assumptions made for the development of the prototype model. Based on the analysis of the results, the nature of the work of the future prototype has been predetermined. The next stage will be the testing of the prototype, which is to be included in the hydraulic system of the prop of powered roof support in the future. The model mentioned before is the baseline model, and it will be modified depending on the application of the future design in real conditions. Simulation studies of powered roof support will allow the structure that is used currently to be optimised, so as to adapt it to increasingly difficult working conditions.
Strengthening resilience in the energy critical infrastructure: Methodological overview
(MDPI, 2022) Řehák, David; Slivková, Simona; Janečková, Heidi; Štuberová, Dominika; Hromada, Martin
As the number of threats and the severity of their impact increases, an ever greater emphasis is being placed on the protection of critical infrastructure. Thus, the issue of resilience, or its assessment and strengthening, is increasingly coming to the fore. The resilience assessment of critical infrastructure, especially in the energy sector, has received considerable attention due to the high level of interest in this issue. However, the issue of strengthening resilience poses a significant challenge not only in the energy sector but also in the entire critical infrastructure system. Despite the great importance of this area, there is not a large number of authors moving in this direction and paying attention to resilience-strengthening tools. For this reason, the aim of this article is to provide the reader with a comprehensive methodological overview of resilience strengthening in the critical energy infrastructure sector. This article also provides an overview of internal and external tools suitable for strengthening resilience and presents a possible procedure for their application to energy critical infrastructure elements.
New calculation technique for assessment of smoke layer interface in large buildings in connection with the design of buildings in the Czech Republic
(MDPI, 2022) Podkul, Marek; Pokorný, Jiří; Brumarová, Lenka; Dlouhá, Dagmar; Heinzová, Zuzana; Kubrická, Kateřina; Szurgacz, Dawid; Fanta, Miroslav
The sustainability of the indoor environment of buildings is also related to the conditions that arise in the case of fires. Fires in buildings are characterized by the formation of combustion products, which can significantly endanger the life and health of people. One of the major sources of danger is smoke. If there is no smoke exhaust into the outside environment during the development of the fire, the building is gradually filled with smoke. The important characteristic of the smoke layer is the level of the smoke layer, which changes over time. Several methods have been derived for determining the descent of the smoke layer in an enclosed area of space, which mainly differ in terms of the application area and limits of use. The methods used in the Czech Republic for the assessment of smoke layer descent in the case of fires do not have a clear rationale and in many cases lead to completely misleading results. For this reason, in connection with the standards for the assessment of the buildings in the Czech Republic, a new calculation technique (CSN) has been derived, which has been compared with the selected simple calculation techniques in large buildings. The deviations between the results have been evaluated by the percentage bias method (PBIAS), while the largest deviation, compared to the ISO standard technique, did not exceed 20%. The CSN calculation technique shows a favourable compliance with the technique presented by the ISO standard, where the deviation did not exceed 1.6%. In response to the proposed standards in the Czech Republic, the CSN calculation technique enables the assessment of safe evacuation in relation to the smoke layer interface and can be a considered perspective.
Numerical study for determining the strength limits of a powered longwall support
(MDPI, 2022) Szurgacz, Dawid; Trzop, Konrad; Gil, Jan; Zhironkin, Sergey; Pokorný, Jiří; Gondek, Horst
The process of designing a longwall powered support is extremely complex and requires many operations related to the creation of a complete machine. The powered support section is one of the basic elements of the longwall system. It acts as protection for the working space and takes part in the process of excavating and transporting the spoil. The implementation of the support that meets the guidelines of the manufacturer and user requires an endurance analysis at the design stage conducted according to the regulations in force. The main objective of this research, pursued by the authors, was to perform the analysis of the ultimate strength of selected elements of the designed powered support section. The research was carried out with the use of special software that uses the finite element method. This article presents the analysis of the strength limits conducted with the help of the finite element method, determining the strength of selected elements of the longwall support section. The solutions proposed by the authors include changes in the structure and properties of the material in the design process. The aim of the proposed solution was to obtain a model with strength value that meets safety standards. The research results are a valuable source of knowledge for designers. Solutions of this type set examples for spatial models of the longwall support section being designed currently. The analysis presented in the article, together with the results of the research and the conclusions resulting from them, may improve the safety and effectiveness of powered supports.
Fire models as a tool for evaluation of energy balance in burning space relating to building structures
(MDPI, 2022) Tomašková, Marianna; Pokorný, Jiří; Kučera, Petr; Balážiková, Michaela; Marasová, Daniela Jr.
Fire is defined as an extremely hazardous event, causing a threat to life and health of persons, but also damage to the economic sphere. It has been shown many times that fire can occur anywhere and at any time. In order to minimize the risk of fire manifestations, it is necessary to understand its course. In technical practice, computational models are used to determine the partial manifestations of fire, such as fire spread rate, smoke generation rate in the burning area, formation of toxic burning products, flame height, and others. One of the important characteristics is also the energy balance in the burning area relating to the character of burning material, access of oxygen necessary for exothermic reaction of burning, and reaction of the installed safety devices. In this paper we will point out the fire safety of the building. The FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) model is recently used in practice, and its advantage is the possibility to model fire even in large and atypical spaces. The contribution of this paper is the practical application of fire safety of construction using the FDS Model, to reduce the cost of fire safety for the structure being constructed. Attention was paid to evaluating how the heat energy that is released during a fire can be influenced by the installed stable fire-extinguishing equipment, taking into consideration the fire resistance of the building structures.
Development of an active training method for belt conveyor
(MDPI, 2022) Szurgacz, Dawid; Zhironkin, Sergey; Pokorný, Jiří; Spearing, A. J. Sam; Vöth, Stefan; Cehlár, Michal; Kowalewska, Izabela
The global situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic has forced employers to find an adequate way to conduct training in order to ensure work safety. The underground mining industry is one of the industries which, due to its nature, was not able to switch to remote work. Conducting traditional training risked spreading the virus among workers. For this purpose, it was necessary to start a search for a form of training that would be safe and would not cause additional stress for employees. Research on the development of an active employee training method and testing of the method itself was conducted online. In order to develop a method of active training, one of the most important workstations was selected, which is the operation of the conveyor belt. The training method comprises four training modules. The modules cover questions related to the operation of the conveyor belt, emergencies, its assembly and disassembly, repair and maintenance. The developed issues also take into account questions concerning natural hazards and work safety. The entire training course lasts 10 days. Every day, an employee receives a set of eight questions sent to their email address, which they must answer before starting work. The article describes the methodology and implementation of the training.
Long-term power outage and preparedness of the population of a region in the Czech Republic - A case study
(MDPI, 2021) Kavan, Štěpán; Dvořáčková, Olga; Pokorný, Jiří; Brumarová, Lenka
The power outages that have occurred in recent years around the world point to widespread problems with consequences for the lives and health of the population, but also material damage. This is a case study that focuses on the evaluation of the preparedness of the population of a selected region in the Czech Republic for a long-term power outage. This article deals with a case study that focuses on the evaluation of the preparedness of the population of the Karlovy Vary region in the field of emergency survival. Part of the study is the evaluation of the respondents' answers, which provides an overview of the actual state of preparedness for power outages on a sample group of respondents in the Karlovy Vary region. The research method used was a survey using questionnaires. The obtained information was subsequently statistically evaluated by nonparametric correlation using Kendall's tau(b). From the presented results of the survey, it is clear that the inhabitants of smaller municipalities are better prepared for a power outage and can create basic conditions for emergency survival.
Safety of constructions from the point of view of population protection in the context of Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic
(MDPI, 2021) Slivková, Simona; Brumarová, Lenka; Klučková, Barbora; Pokorný, Jiří; Tomanová, Kateřina
The current safety situation and the conclusions of a number of strategic and conceptual works require a broader integration of the population protection system into the areas of construction management. The approaches adopted by individual countries to this matter differ greatly. In the Czech Republic, the definition of constructions to which it is necessary to apply population protection requirements has not been dealt with sufficiently. The construction technical requirements from the point of view of population protection are also not sufficiently dealt with. This article presents a new draft procedure for designating the requirements for the relevant constructions of population protection in the Czech Republic. In addition, possible external hazards affecting the constructions or their strategic importance functions were assessed. In conclusion, the general, specific, and strategic requirements for constructions are set. The procedure is applied to the conditions of the Czech Republic, but it is also applicable in other countries. The area of public protection is closely related to Industry 4.0. Ensuring the protection of the population, as well as the safety of workers, employers, and production facilities, is one of the basic preconditions for the development of the industry.
Stress as a risk factor in the firefighter profession
(MAGNANIMITAS, 2021) Balážiková, Michaela; Tomašková, Marianna; Pokorný, Jiří
Stress affecting humans over the long term can cause serious illnesses. It results from a lack of time, a lot of tasks, considerable responsibility and several other reasons that are perceived as a risk factor. In this paper, a method for assessing psychosocial risks was suggested. The suggested risk matrix method consists of two parameters: probability and consequence. To illustrate the assessment of the psychosocial risks of the firefighter profession, an activity was selected - the intervention of a firefighter in a traffic accident. Almost every intervention puts their health and life at risk. For the purpose of health protection, all possibilities of risk situations that may arise in carrying out this work and may cause undesirable consequences are analysed.
Mechanics of screw joints solved as beams placed in a tangential elastic foundation
(MDPI, 2021) Frydrýšek, Karel; Michenková, Šárka; Pleva, Leopold; Koutecký, Jan; Fries, Jiří; Peterek Dědková, Kateřina; Madeja, Roman; Trefil, Antonín; Krpec, Pavel; Halo, Tomáš; Hrabovský, Leopold; Bialy, Lubor; Jančo, Roland; Pokorný, Jiří
This article deals with a new original analytical solution of deformation, force and stress states in wood screw joints up to the limit values of pulling out/breaking the screw. The screws are under tension. The wood-to-screw interaction is effectively simplified by introducing several physical model variants using a tangential elastic non-linear foundation. The experimental verification of the proposed models using pull-out tests (i.e., pulling out screws from dry spruce wood in laboratory conditions) confirms the correctness of the proposed models of the elastic linear/non-linear foundation. The validity of the model is also analytically and experimentally verified in the biomechanical model of pulling out screws from the femur of a bovine/human cadaver, which confirms and expands the validity of newly designed screw joint models outside the timber structure area.
Environmental risk assessment of a diesel fuel tank: A case study
(MDPI, 2021) Oulehlová, Alena; Tušer, Irena; Řehák, David
The article deals with the application of the environmental damage assessment procedure and H&V index II method to the diesel fuel tank storage facility in a sand mining company using a case study. The procedures enabled the researchers to semi-quantitatively assess the operated diesel fuel tank's impact on the selected environmental components and the possible damage risk by the leakage of stored fuel. It was discovered, by assessing the operating conditions, the state of the environment at the mining facility, and the risk of a diesel fuel leakage accident, that it is not necessary for the company to implement further steps in the field of environmental damage minimization. The H&V index II method examined both the impacts of diesel fuel leakage on soil, biotic component, groundwater, surface water, and the impact of flammable substances on the biotic environmental component in six steps. Slight or significant impacts were identified depending on the environmental component during the determination of the accident severity. The accident severity, together with the estimated probability, was plotted in the risk matrix which resulted in acceptable risks for all affected environmental components. The results of both approaches showed that the diesel fuel leakage in the mining company represents an acceptable environmental risk in relation to the countermeasures implemented so far.
Thermal imaging study to determine the operational condition of a conveyor belt drive system structure
(MDPI, 2021) Szurgacz, Dawid; Zhironkin, Sergey; Vöth, Stefan; Pokorný, Jiří; Spearing, A. J. S.; Cehlár, Michal; Stempniak, Marta; Sobik, Leszek
The paper discusses the results of a study carried out to determine the thermal condition of a conveyor power unit using a thermal imaging camera. The tests covered conveyors in the main haulage system carrying coal from a longwall. The measurements were taken with a thermal imaging diagnostic method which measures infrared radiation emitted by an object. This technology provides a means of assessing the imminence and severity of a possible failure or damage. The method is a non-contact measuring technique and offers great advantages in an underground mine. The thermograms were analysed by comparing the temperature distribution. An analysis of the operating time of the conveyors was also carried out and the causes of the thermal condition were determined. The main purpose of the research was to detect changes in thermal state during the operation of a belt conveyor that could indicate failure and permit early maintenance and eliminate the chance of a fire. The article also discusses the construction and principle of operation of a thermal imaging camera. The findings obtained from the research analysis on determining the thermal condition of the conveyor drive unit are a valuable source of information for the mine's maintenance service.
Resilience assessment in electricity critical infrastructure from the point of view of converged security
(MDPI, 2021) Hromada, Martin; Řehák, David; Lukáš, Luděk
In terms of service provision, the electricity sector is the most important critical infrastructure sector, on the supply of which the vast majority of society and its basic vital functions depend. Extensive disruption of these supplies would have negative effects not only on basic human needs, but also on the economy and security of the state. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure permanent and comprehensive monitoring of the infrastructure elements resilience level, especially against threats with a multispectral impact on several areas of security. For this reason, the authors of the article developed the Converged Resilience Assessment (CRA) method, which enables advanced assessment of the electricity critical infrastructure elements resilience from the converged security point of view. Converged security in this case combines (converges) physical, cyber and operational security into a complementary unit. This reflects the integral determinants of resilience across related areas of security/safety. The CRA method focuses mainly on information and situation management, which integrates and correlates information (signals) from systems and sensors in order to obtain an overview of the situation and the subsequent effective management of its solution. The practical use of the proposed method is demonstrated on a selected element of the Czech Republic transmission system. The CRA method is currently embodied in a functional sample that has been piloted on several TSO elements. Further development of this method is seen mainly in fulfilling the logic of network infrastructure and reflection between elementary and intersectoral links in the context of synergistic and cascading effects in a broader context.
Prevention and mitigation of injuries and damages arising from the activity of subliminal enterprises: A case study in Slovakia
(Elsevier, 2021) Mäkká, Katarína; Kampová, Katarína; Loveček, Tomáš; Bernatík, Aleš; Řehák, David; Ondrejka, Roman
The paper focuses on risk sources under no legislative pressure in the field of prevention of major accidents. Despite this, they can represent significant sources of risk of accidents. The aim of the paper is to present the results of the risk assessment associated with the operation of enterprises not regulated by the SEVESO III Directive (the so-called subliminal enterprises), to provide information on possible operational problems and to verify the applicability of recognized risk analysis methods for these specific sources of risk. Last but not least, its purpose is to point out that subliminal enterprises, due to their location close to residential areas or areas with a high concentration of population, pose a serious risk to the population. The paper summarizes the results of the quantitative risk assessment of a specific enterprise not included in the Seveso Directive & ndash; a filling station. Filling stations are frequently located in built-up areas with a dense coefficient of habitability. Due to their number, location (e.g. close to residential areas), frequency of occurrence of persons in the area and handling of dangerous substances during normal operation, they can have negative or even tragic consequences to the life and health of the population. Due to the non-existent risk assessment methodology for enterprises with subliminal quantities of dangerous substances and the lack of a systematic search for risk sources, a risk assessment procedure for these companies is designed.
Assessment of the readiness and resilience of Czech society against water-related crises
(MDPI, 2021) Kavan, Štěpán; Kročová, Šárka; Pokorný, Jiří
This assessment of societal readiness and resilience to water-related situations in the Czech Republic focuses on an interdisciplinary approach in the Czech Republic for solving this problem. The goal of the article is to evaluate and characterize the preparedness for handling water-related crises. The analysis is carried out via a SWOT analysis, which is a universal analytical method used to understand and interpret strengths and weaknesses and to identify opportunities and threats. For the calculation of the weight factor of the SWOT analysis, an assessment was determined based on the multicriteria analysis. The pair comparison method was used to determine the relative importance of the parameters of the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The Fuller Triangle method was chosen for the system used to make the comparisons of the individual criteria. The uniqueness of the study consists of the issue of water management, which is thus reflected from a non-traditional perspective, being a contemporary model-the paradigm of the view on the preparedness of the planning documentation as one of the characteristics of societal resilience for water-related crises. The result of the research is the fact that a positive approach prevails in the researched area from the perspective of preparedness for water-related crises. For the creation of the conditions, the factors arising from the internal environment currently prevail slightly over those arising from the external environment.

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