Publikační činnost Centra pokročilých inovačních technologií / Publications of Centre for Advanced Innovation Technologies (660)

Permanent URI for this collectionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10084/149121

Kolekce obsahuje bibliografické záznamy publikační činnosti (článků) akademických pracovníků Centra pokročilých inovačních technologií (660) v časopisech registrovaných ve Web of Science od roku 2003 po současnost.
Před rokem 2023 byly publikace uloženy pod číslem útvaru (9330).

Do kolekce jsou zařazeny:
a) publikace, u nichž je v originálních dokumentech jako působiště autora (adresa) uvedena Vysoká škola báňská-Technická univerzita Ostrava (VŠB-TUO),
b) publikace, u nichž v originálních dokumentech není v adrese VŠB-TUO uvedena, ale autoři prokazatelně v době jejich zpracování a uveřejnění působili na VŠB-TUO.

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Now showing 1 - 20 out of 178 results

Silver-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)/polycaprolactone polymer scaffold as a biocompatible antibacterial system
(Springer Nature, 2024) Vilamová, Zuzana; Šimonová, Zuzana; Bednář, Jiří; Mikeš, Petr; Cieslar, Miroslav; Svoboda, Ladislav; Dvorský, Richard; Rosenbergová, Kateřina; Kratošová, Gabriela
A chronic nonhealing wound poses a significant risk for infection and subsequent health complications, potentially endangering the patient‘s well‑being. Therefore, effective wound dressings must meet several crucial criteria, including: (1) eliminating bacterial pathogen growth within the wound, (2) forming a barrier against airborne microbes, (3) promoting cell proliferation, (4) facilitating tissue repair. In this study, we synthesized 8 ± 3 nm Ag NP with maleic acid and incorporated them into an electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix with 1.6 and 3.4 µm fiber sizes. The Ag NPs were anchored to the matrix via electrospraying water‑soluble poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA), reducing the average sphere size from 750 to 610 nm in the presence of Ag NPs. Increasing the electrospraying time of Ag NP‑treated PVA spheres demonstrated a more pronounced antibacterial effect. The resultant silver‑based material exhibited 100% inhibition of gram‑negative Escherichia coli and gram‑positive Staphylococcus aureus growth within 6 h while showing non‑cytotoxic effects on the Vero cell line. We mainly discuss the preparation method aspects of the membrane, its antibacterial properties, and cytotoxicity, suggesting that combining these processes holds promise for various medical applications.
{001}⟨101⟩ texture evolution by preferential dynamic grain growth in Ti–37 mol%Nb alloy under plane strain compression at high temperatures
(Japan Institute of Metals and Materials, 2024) Umezawa, Osamu; Hayakawa, Yujiro; Schindler, Ivo; Fukutomi, Hiroshi
{001}< 101 > texture evolution in Ti-37 mol%Nb (Nb-46.5 mass%Ti) alloy was determined under plane strain compression at the temperatures of 800 degrees C, 950 degrees C, and 1100 degrees C, in which preferential dynamic grain growth (PDGG) took place. At lower temperature and higher strain rate such as 800 degrees C-10(-2)/s, almost no grain growth occurred in the transverse direction (TD), and the alpha-fiber + near {111}< 110 > in the gamma-fiber texture was developed, which was a stable orientation as deformation texture. At higher temperature and lower strain rate such as 1100 degrees C-10(-3)/s, the grain growth along the TD remarkably appeared by grain boundary bulging, and an extremely high pole density of the texture near the alpha-fiber, especially the rotated cube {001}< 101 >, evolved. A planar dislocation structure with pile-ups appeared and individual dislocations were uniformly distributed in the grains. The rotated cube texture fulfills the conditions of the deformation stability and the low Taylor factor in accordance with the PDGG mechanism. The essential aspect of the mechanism is the preferential growth of grains with a stable orientation for deformation and a low Taylor factor in the given deformation mode.
Immunotoxicity of stainless-steel nanoparticles obtained after 3D printing
(Elsevier, 2024) Olšovská, Eva; Lehotská Mikušová, Miroslava; Tulinská, Jana; Rollerová, Eva; Vilamová, Zuzana; Líšková, Aurélia; Horváthová, Mira; Szabová, Michaela; Svoboda, Ladislav; Gabor, Roman; Hajnyš, Jiří; Dvorský, Richard; Kukutschová, Jana; Lukán, Norbert
This study aims to investigate the in vitro effects of nanoparticles (NPs) produced during the selective laser melting (SLM) of 316 L stainless steel metal powder on the immune response in a human blood model. Experimental data did not reveal effect on viability of 316 L NPs for the tested doses. Functional immune assays showed a significant immunosuppressive effect of NPs. There was moderate stimulation (117%) of monocyte phagocytic activity without significant changes in phagocytic activity and respiratory burst of granulocytes. A significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a was found in blood cultures treated with NPs. On the contrary, IL-8 chemokine levels were significantly suppressed. The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were reduced by only a single concentration of NPs. These new findings can minimise potential health risks and indicate the need for more research in this area.
The effect of wet-grinding on the properties of glass powder and its application in cement based materials
(Springer Nature, 2023) Wang, Yingbin; Yang, Jie; Su, Ying; He, Xingyang; Strnadel, Bohumír
To improve the pozzolanic reactivity, waste glass (WG) needs to be micronized to fine particles so as to expedite the leaching of active constituent. The key feature of this work is to examine the effect of wet-grinded WG on the mechanical and structural properties of cement based materials. The experimental results show that wet-grinding can improve the ions leaching behavior of WGP and decrease the stability of silicon oxide bond. The pozzolanic reactivity of WGP was dramatically enhanced after wet-grinding, as high as 144.1% at 1 d and 110.9% at 28 d when the mean grain size of WGP reached 0.90 µm. The ground WGP can promote the transformation of capillary pores to gel pores to improve the compactness of microstructure regardless of the reaction time.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissues following bone implant extraction from upper and lower limb
(Universidad de Murcia, 2023) Bielniková-Kryštofová, Hana; Motyka, Oldřich; Židlík, Vladimír; Žiak, Dušan; Szotkovská, Iveta; Škarda, Jozef; Voves, Jiří; Pometlová, Jana; Pleva, Leopold; Havlíček, Miroslav; Čabanová, Kristina
Fractured bones can regenerate and restore their biological and mechanical properties to the state prior to the damage. In some cases, however, the treatment of fractures requires the use of supportive implants. For bone healing, three processes are essential: the inflammatory phase, the repair phase and the remodelling phase. A proper course of the first inflammatory stage is important to ensure a successful fracture healing process. In our study, we evaluated tissue samples immunohistochemically from the area surrounding the fractures of upper and lower limbs (bone tissue, soft tissue, and the implant-adhering tissue) for markers: CD11b, CD15, CD34, CD44, CD68, Cathepsin K, and TRAcP that are linked to the aforementioned phases. In soft tissue, higher expressions of CD68, CD34, CD15 and CD11b markers were observed than in other locations. TRAcP and Cathepsin K markers were more expressed in the bone tissue, while pigmentation, necrosis and calcification were more observed in the implant-adhering tissue. Since even the implant materials commonly perceived as inert elicit the observed inflammatory responses, new surface treatments and materials need to be developed.
Creep damaged microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr–Mo–V steel subjected to long-term service exposures
(Elsevier, 2023) Négyesi, Martin; Kraus, Martin; Mareš, Vratislav; Kwon, Dongil; Strnadel, Bohumír
Evaluating the degree of creep damage is of high importance for the residual life assessment of high temperature and pressure steam piping systems of power plants. This study aims at assessing creep damaged microstructure and mechanical properties of low alloy Cr–Mo–V steel after long-term service exposures. Variations in mechanical properties have been assessed by means of tensile tests, hardness measurement and instrumented indentation testing (IIT). Optical and scanning electron microscopies were employed for the identification of creep damaged microstructure. The effect of heat treatment on the recovery of microstructure and mechanical properties was also studied. Correlations of IIT and hardness results between surface and bulk values have been obtained. The results of IIT agree well to the results of tensile tests. Moreover, relationships between hardness and tensile properties have been assessed. Eventually, the evaluation of the degree of creep damage by employing IIT and hardness measurement was attempted.
Simple method for quantification of metal-based particles in biopsy samples of patients with long bone implants – Pilot study
(Elsevier, 2023) Olšovská, Eva; Čabanová, Kristina; Motyka, Oldřich; Bielniková Kryštofová, Hana; Matějková, Petra; Voves, Jiří; Židlík, Vladimír; Madeja, Roman; Demel, Jiří; Halfar, Jan; Kukutschová, Jana
The presence of particles fixed in tissue samples due to implant degradation or disintegration plays an important role in post-operative complications. The ability to determine the size, shape, chemical composition and, above all, the number of these particles can be used in many areas of medicine. This study presents a novel, simple metal-based particle detection method using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). The presence of metal particles in biopsy specimens from long bone nail-fixated implants (10 patients with titanium steel nails and 10 patients with stainless steel nails) was studied. The samples were analysed using automated area analysis based on image binarization and brightness to 255 grayscale. The results were supplemented with histological data and statistically analysed. The method based on the software used was found to be accurate and easy to use and, thus, appears to be very suitable for particle detection in similar samples.
Simultaneously enhanced mechanical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of steel slag-recycled carbon fiber cementitious composites via wet-grinding process
(Springer Nature, 2023) Chen, Wei; Li, Ling; Lai, Zhihui; He, Xingyang; Su, Ying; Zheng, Zhengqi; Strnadel, Bohumír
This study aims at investigating the mechanical and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of cementitious composites with combined utilization of recycled carbon fiber (rCF) and steel slag. Different dosage of raw steel slag (SS) and wet-grinding steel slag (WSS) as replacement of cement were introduced to the cementitious composites with rCF. Wet-grinding can enhance hydration activity of SS, and also can improve the dispersibility of rCF in cement matrix thus optimizing the mechanical properties. The electrical resistivity of the composites decreases with increased WSS dosage, the conductive phase in WSS not only form new conductive pathways, but also act as bridges to connect rCFs, the WSS is more effective in lowering the electrical resistivity. The shielding effectiveness (SE) of the rCF-WSS cementitious composites increases with increased WSS dosage, which is higher than that of SS due to the higher conductivity and scattering effect of reduced particle fineness. The absorption loss SEA dominates the SET, which is mainly attributed to increasing electrical conductivity, the dielectric loss and magnetic loss also contribute to absorption loss. The synergistic effect of rCF and steel slag on electrically conductive and EMI shielding properties was demonstrated, wet-grinding process can promote the synergistic effect.
Effect of geometry and surface distribution of holes on sound and light absorption properties of 3D-printed PETG materials
(MM Science, 2023) Nevřela, Martin; Vašina, Martin; Hrbáček, Pavel; Dekýš, Vladimír
Noise and lighting are significant factors that have an impact on our health, environment, production quality, etc. The purpose of this paper is to investigate sound and light absorption properties of 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) material specimens that were manufactured with two types of holes, namely with circular and square-shaped holes. In addition, the holes were printed with different dimensions, depths, shapes, and surface spacings. Different factors influencing the material´s ability to absorb sound and light were evaluated in this paper. It was found in this study that the type of holes, their spacing and depth have a big influence on sound and light absorption properties of the investigated samples compared to the smooth PETG material.
Utilization of ultra-fine copper slag to prepare eco-friendly ultrahigh performance concrete by replacing silica fume
(Elsevier, 2023) Wang, Yingbin; Yuan, Zhenyi; Yang, Jie; He, Yan; He, Xingyang; Su, Ying; Strnadel, Bohumír
The present study aims to determine the feasibility of using ultra-fine copper slag (WCS) to prepare eco-friendly ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC) by replacing silica fume (SF). The variation of hydration progress, mechanical property and microstructure development of UHPC as function of WCS was evaluated. Experimental results indicated that WCS could be prepared and the fayalite could be decomposed by using wet-grinding method. The UHPC pastes behaved like Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) fluids and the shear-thickening behavior was more pronounced as the increase of WCS dosage, implying that WCS has negative impact on workability of UHPC to some extent. WCS had no negative impact on the hydration of UHPC pastes at the early stage and exhibited good pozzolanic activity at the later stage, so as to generate more hydration products to refine the pore structure, thus making UHPC with WCS to obtain better mechanical strength than that without WCS. Replacing SF in UHPC by WCS has significant economic benefits, while the negative impact on CO2 emissions can be negligible.
Performance of cement-based materials incorporating ultra-fine copper slag
(Elsevier, 2023) Wang, Yingbin; Hu, Yi; Yang, Jie; He, Yan; He, Xingyang; Su, Ying; Strnadel, Bohumír
The application of copper slag (CS) as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete is unsatisfactory due to the fact that CS is mainly composed of fayalite. The dissolution kinetics of fayalite determines the pozzolanic activity of CS. How to improve the dissolution of fayalite is a challenge for CS resource utilization. To address this issue, ultra-fine CS with different fineness was fabricated by wet-grinding method for the first time in this work and the performance of cement-based materials incorporating ultra-fine CS was assessed. Results revealed that an increase in CS fineness significantly promoted the decomposition of fayalite to improve the mechanical strength of mortars. The 7 d and 28 d strength activity index of ultra-fine CS can reach 106% and 102%, respectively, which has seldom been reported in the literature. Although ultra-fine CS can significantly accelerate the hydration process at the very beginning of reaction to form more hydrates, the early-age pozzolanic activity was still not ideal. The prepared ultra-fine CS exhibited good later-age pozzolanic activity, which can consume more portlandite and generate more hydrates, resulting in a denser microstructure. These results indicated that ultra-fine CS can be used as a high-quality alternative cementitious material to improve the greenness of cement and concrete products.
The first evidence of microplastic occurrence in mine water: The largest black coal mining area in the Czech Republic
(Elsevier, 2023) Brožová, Kateřina; Halfar, Jan; Čabanová, Kristina; Motyka, Oldřich; Drabinová, Silvie; Hanus, Pavel; Heviánková, Silvie
Climate change is creating new challenges for water supply worldwide, making the search for new sources of water vital. As mine water could serve as a potential source, this study investigated the presence of microplastics in water from terminated deep mines in the largest coal basin in the Czech Republic, as well as in water from nearby shallow wells. The particles found were analyzed for size, polymer composition, color and morphology using the ImageJ tool, infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR) and an optical stereomicroscope with a digital camera. Microplastics were detected in all tested sites. Their range accounted for 2.5–17.5 items/L for mine water samples and 2.5–20 items/L for well samples, with fibers being the dominant type. The average width of particles from mine water and wells amounted to 58 µm; 71 µm, length to 655 µm; 501 µm and area to 22,067 µm2; 28,613 µm2, respectively. Blue color was prevalent, among materials, in both cases, plastic coated paper was found dominant to Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Polyester (PES), Tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoro (Propyl Vinyl Ether) - Copolymer (TFE-PPVE), and polypropylene (PP). The research provides the first evidence of microplastics’ presence in underground waters from deep mines and shallow wells in the same area. The data suggest that it is almost impossible to find underground water sources free of microplastic contamination. In this context, atmospheric contamination from mine ventilation and infiltration through terminated mines were identified as potential sources, while infiltration through soil and rock formations is unlikely given the geological composition. The results of this study can serve as a relevant basis for further research on microplastics in mine waters. Additionally, the conclusions can advance the development in remediation technologies of microplastics from deep underground waters and their implementation in practice, particularly in light of upcoming legislation.
Assessment of tensile properties across pressure vessel nozzle to primary piping safe-end employing instrumented indentation testing
(Elsevier, 2023) Négyesi, Martin; Žáková, Veronika; Mareš, Vratislav; Strnadel, Bohumír; Lacroix, Valéry; Choi, Min-Jae; Kwon, Dongil
This study deals with the assessment of tensile properties across the nozzle to primary piping safe-end employing the instrumented indentation testing (IIT). Standard tensile tests were performed in order to validate the results of IIT. Tensile properties were also estimated from conventional hardness test. Both the yield strength and tensile strength measured by IIT were in satisfactory agreement with the results of standard tensile tests and were found superior compared to the values estimated from the conventional hardness measurement. Highest deviation between the results of IIT and tensile tests was found in the regions of weldments. IIT showed as capable of measuring the variation of tensile properties across the pressure vessel nozzle to primary piping safe-end. Moreover, IIT has the advantage over the tensile testing that specimens do not need to be extracted from the studied piece and more detailed distribution of mechanical properties can be acquired.
Preparation of sustainable ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) with ultra-fine glass powder as multi-dimensional substitute material
(Elsevier, 2023) Wang, Yingbin; Wang, Jiafei; Wu, Yejun; Li, Yang; He, Xingyang; Su, Ying; Strnadel, Bohumír
High cost and CO2 emissions are the issues that need to be addressed in the widespread application of UHPC. The application of mineral admixtures in UHPC has become a new development direction. Ultra-fine glass powders with median diameter d50 of 316 nm (named as nGP) and 5.33 μm (named as mGP) were fabricated to replace silica fume and blast furnace slag, respectively, to prepare eco-friendly UHPC. The outcomes of the study revealed that both nGP and mGP can significantly promote the hydration of UHPC pastes. The incorporation of ultra-fine GP increased the hydration products and improved the microstructure of UHPC due to its pore filling effect, nucleation effect and pozzolanic activity. The compressive strength of UHPC containing ultra-fine glass powders was larger than the reference ones and the optimal substitution rates of silica fume by nGP and blast furnace slag by mGP were 60% and 50%, respectively. Ultra-fine GP is feasible to be employed as multi-dimensional substitute material to produce low cost eco-friendly UHPC.
Nanoscale porosity of high surface area gadolinium oxide nanofoam obtained with combustion synthesis
(Wiley, 2023) de Boer, Roos M.; Chen, Xiaodan; Cvejn, Daniel; Peterek Dědková, Kateřina; van Huis, Marijn A. A.; Mendes, Rafael G.
Nanoscale gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) is a promising nanomaterial with unique physicochemical properties that finds various applications ranging from biomedicine to catalysis. The preparation of highly porous Gd2O3 nanofoam greatly increases its surface area thereby boosting its potential for functional use in applications such as water purification processes and in catalytic applications. By using the combustion synthesis method, a strong exothermic redox reaction between gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate and glycine causes the formation of crystalline nanoporous Gd2O3. In this study, the synthesis of Gd2O3 nanofoam is achieved with combustion synthesis at large scale (grams). Its nanoscale porosity is investigated by nitrogen physisorption and its nanoscale 3D structure by electron tomography, and the formation process is investigated as well by means of in situ heating inside the transmission electron microscope. The bulk nanofoam product is highly crystalline and porous with a surface area of 67 m(2) g(-1) as measured by physisorption, in good agreement with the electron tomographic 3D reconstructions showing an intricate interconnected pore network with pore sizes varying from 2 to 3 nm to tens of nanometers. In situ heating experiments point to many possibilities for tuning the porosity of the Gd2O3 nanofoam by varying the experimental synthesis conditions.
Effects of dislocation arrangement and character on the work hardening of lath martensitic steels
(Elsevier, 2023) Dannoshita, Hiroyuki; Hasegawa, Hiroshi; Higuchi, Sho; Matsuda, Hiroshi; Gong, Wu; Kawasaki, Takuro; Harjo, Stefanus; Umezawa, Osamu
Work-hardening behavior of a lath martensitic Fe–18Ni alloy during tensile deformation is discussed based on the Taylor’s equation. The dislocation characteristics are monitored using in situ neutron diffraction. In the specimens of as-quenched (AQ) and tempered at 573 K (T573), the dislocations are extremely dense and randomly arranged. The dislocations in AQ and T573 form dislocation cells as deformation progresses. Conse quently, a composite condition comprising cell walls and cell interiors is formed, and the coefficient α in the Taylor’s equation increases. Cells are already present in the specimen tempered at 773 K (T773), which has a low dislocation density and a large fraction of edge-type dislocations. As deformation continues, the dislocation density of T773 increases, its cell size decreases, and its composite condition become stronger. Simultaneously, the edge-type dislocation fraction decreases, keeping α unchanged. Thus, both the dislocation arrangement and character affected α, thereby affecting the work-hardening behavior.
High-temperature hardness in hypereutectoid steels with various microstructures measured by using small ball rebound hardness test
(Japan Institute of Metals and Materials, 2023) Koga, Norimitsu; Koizumi, Kouki; Takayasu, Shuto; Umezawa, Osamu; Watanabe, Mizuki; Yamamoto, Masayuki; Yamamoto, Takashi
The temperature dependence of hardness in hypereutectoid steels with various microstructures was measured by using the small ball rebound hardness test, and the effect of carbon state on the high-temperature hardness was discussed. As-received and spheroidized cementite steels consisted of spheroidized cementite, graphite and ferrite matrix, and the volume fraction of graphite in the spheroidized cementite steel was larger than that in the as-received steel. Pearlite steel had ferrite and cementite lamellar structure without graphite. The characteristic hardening was detected above 700 K in all steels, suggesting that the solid solute carbon enhances the hardness even in hypereutectoid steels with high strength. The pearlite steel exhibited the highest hardness owing to the ferrite and cementite lamellar structure and no graphite. While the spheroidized cementite steel exhibited the lowest hardness, although the size of cementite was finer than that in the as-received steel. It was quantitatively demonstrated that the large volume fraction of graphite caused the low hardness in the spheroidized cementite steel.
Type IV titanium hypersensitivity: rare, or rarely detected?
(Česká společnost pro ortopedii a traumatologii a Slovenská ortopedická a traumatologická spoločnosť, 2023) Voves, Jiří; Měrka, Ondřej; Čabanová, Kristina; Janošek, Jaroslav; Bajor, Grzegorz
The presented review aims to summarize the current knowledge of hypersensitivity to titanium – a material widely used in medical applications thanks to its exceptional chemical stability, resistance to corrosion, low specific weight and high strength. The hypersensitivity to metals is usually caused by the Type IV immunopathological reaction. Case reports on allergic reactions to titanium are rare but the actual occurrence can be expected to be much higher, especially due to its problematic detection. Although cutaneous patch tests are widely accepted and used for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity of numerous metals (e.g. Ni), it is notoriously unreliable in case of allergies to titanium, which may be associated with the low percutaneous transport of titanium and its salts. The Lymphocyte Transformation Test has superior sensitivity but it remains mostly unknown among clinicians and there are not many laboratories capable of performing it. This review presents numerous case reports indicating, in combination with the above-mentioned facts, that hypersensitivity to titanium should be considered as a possible cause also in non-specific problems associated with titanium implant failure.
Characteristics of allowable axial cracks for pressurized pipes governed by limit load criteria
(Elsevier, 2023) Hasegawa, Kunio; Li, Yinsheng; Udyawar, Anees; Lacroix, Valéry
When axial cracks were detected in pressurized pipes, failure stresses for high-toughness ductile pipes are estimated using the Limit Load Criteria. The allowable stresses for the cracked pipes are derived from the combination of the failure stresses and safety factors. Then, the allowable sizes of crack depths and lengths are determined from the allowable stresses. From the comparison of the allowable and failure stresses for through-wall cracks, the allowable cracks are not uniform. The allowable crack sizes can be separated into different characteristics of leak-before-break (LBB) and crack growth stability. Inspectors and users should pay special attention to allowable cracks with non-LBB and crack growth instability characteristics to prevent unexpected failure, particularly for thin-wall pipes. The boundaries of allowable crack depths and lengths that require special attention can be expressed by appropriate equations.
Hyperbolic paraboloid tensile structure - Numerical CFD simulation of wind flow in RWIND software
(MDPI, 2023) Kawulok, Marek; Freiherrová, Nela; Horňáková, Marie; Juračka, David; Krejsa, Martin
Tensile membrane structures combine a prestressed roofing envelope material and supporting elements. To design these structures, there is a set of recommendations in the European Design Guide for Tensile Surface Structures and some other national standards. However, currently, there is no official standard related to the design process of tensile structures in the European Union. The structure studied in this project is considered as permanent roofing of an external testing device in the shape of a simple hyperbolic paraboloid without enclosing walls. Snow and wind loads were analyzed as the most critical types of loading in the location. Determining the value of the snow load is relatively simple according to the European standard. However, in the case of the wind load, this shape is not considered in the European standard and needs to be solved experimentally or by numerical simulation in a wind tunnel. The present contribution focuses on numerical analysis of the wind flow in RFEM software and simulation of the wind tunnel in RWIND software.

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