Formy výskytu uhlíku jako indikátory spalovacích procesů

Abstract

Carbonaceous particles represent very important component of particulate matter – PM (it is the substantial part forming 10 - 50 % of atmospheric PM). The carbonaceous particles originate especially during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. They occur usually in the two main forms: the first one is called elemental carbon (EC), also black carbon (BC), and the second one is designated as organic carbon (OC). This doctoral thesis deals with the study of possibilities of utilization of forms of carbonaceous matter (OC, EC, BC) as indicators of combustion processes and their use for faster identification emission and air pollution levels at the study sites. I performed unique five-year research study of the behavior of black carbon in the particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers. The data were collected in the highly polluted European city – Ostrava, with pollution mostly formed by high concentrations of PM10. The study of carbonaceous particles in PM was carried out at ten selected localities in the Moravian-Silesian Region where the concentrations of organic carbon and black carbon were determined. I have recently applied the equations for the calculation of contribution of OC resp. EC from combustion of biomass and coal and traffic emissions and I also have used ratios between carbonaceous particles (OC/EC, EC/OC) and potassium (K+/EC) in Olomouc. Concentrations of OC were determined for emission from various industrial processes (e.g. power engineering, metallurgy, coking plants, and residential heating). Concentrations of OC from emission sources were determined in different size distribution of PM (PM2.5, PM10 and > PM10). The concentration of organic carbon from local heating, to which organic compounds are bonded, is 5 to 30 times higher than that from large power sources. Higher (3.5 times) black carbon concentrations were observed during heating season than non-heating season. It is due to combusting solid fuels for residential heating and synoptic weather conditions (inversion). Samples of char and unburned carbon from combusting biomass were used for detecting the content of OC and EC. Carbonaceous particles were quantified by thermo-optical method and thermogravimetric method.